Fundamentals of Database Systems

(DATABASE-SYS.AB1) / ISBN : 978-1-64459-578-7

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About This Course

The Fundamentals of Database Systems course covers the core concepts and skills needed to design, implement, and manage efficient databases. Gain a solid understanding of database architecture, data modeling techniques like entity-relationship diagrams, and SQL for querying and manipulating data. Explore database normalization, indexing, transactions, and security best practices. Through interactive labs and hands-on exercises, you'll practice creating, populating, and optimizing databases using popular database management systems like MySQL, SQL Server, and Oracle.

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Interactive Lessons

34+ Interactive Lessons | 13+ Exercises | 104+ Quizzes | 170+ Flashcards | 170+ Glossary of terms

Gamified TestPrep

58+ Pre Assessment Questions | 60+ Post Assessment Questions |

Hands-On Labs

58+ LiveLab | 53+ Video tutorials | 01:35+ Hours

Lesson Plan

Introduction

Databases and Database Users

Introduction
An Example
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Workers behind the Scene
Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach
A Brief History of Database Applications
When Not to Use a DBMS
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Database System Concepts and Architecture

Data Models, Schemas, and Instances
Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence
Database Languages and Interfaces
The Database System Environment
Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs
Classification of Database Management Systems
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Data Modeling Using the Entity–Relationship (ER) Model

Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design
A Sample Database Application
Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys
Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints
Weak Entity Types
Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database
ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues
Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams
Relationship Types of Degree Higher than Two
Another Example: A UNIVERSITY Database
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Laboratory Exercises
Selected Bibliography

The Enhanced Entity–Relationship (EER) Model

Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance
Specialization and Generalization
Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies
Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories
A Sample UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions
Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams
Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Laboratory Exercises
Selected Bibliography

The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints

Relational Model Concepts
Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas
Update Operations, Transactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

SQL Data Definition and Data Types

SQL Data Definition and Data Types
Specifying Constraints in SQL
Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL
INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL
Additional Features of SQL
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

More SQL: Complex Queries, Triggers, Views, and Schema Modification

More Complex SQL Retrieval Queries
Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Actions as Triggers
Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL
Schema Change Statements in SQL
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT
Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory
Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION
Additional Relational Operations
Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra
The Tuple Relational Calculus
The Domain Relational Calculus
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Laboratory Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Relational Database Design by ER- and EER-to-Relational Mapping

Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping
Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Laboratory Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques

Overview of Database Programming Techniques and Issues
Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQL J
Database Programming with Function Calls and Class Libraries: SQL/CLI and JDBC
Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM
Comparing the Three Approaches
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Web Database Programming Using PHP

A Simple PHP Example
Overview of Basic Features of PHP
Overview of PHP Database Programming
Brief Overview of Java Technologies for Database Web Programming
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Object and Object-Relational Databases

Overview of Object Database Concepts
Object Database Extensions to SQL
The ODMG Object Model and the Object Definition Language ODL
Object Database Conceptual Design
The Object Query Language OQL
Overview of the C++ Language Binding in the ODMG Standard
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

XML: Extensible Markup Language

Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data
XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model
XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema
Storing and Extracting XML Documents from Databases
XML Languages
Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases
XML/SQL: SQL Functions for Creating XML Data
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Basics of Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases

Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas
Functional Dependencies
Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys
General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms
Boyce-Codd Normal Form
Multivalued Dependency and Fourth Normal Form
Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Laboratory Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies

Further Topics in Functional Dependencies: Inference Rules, Equivalence, and Minimal Cover
Properties of Relational Decompositions
Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design
About Nulls, Dangling Tuples, and Alternative Relational Designs
Further Discussion of Multivalued Dependencies and 4NF
Other Dependencies and Normal Forms
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Laboratory Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, Hashing, and Modern Storage Architectures

Introduction
Secondary Storage Devices
Buffering of Blocks
Placing File Records on Disk
Operations on Files
Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files)
Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files)
Hashing Techniques
Other Primary File Organizations
Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology
Modern Storage Architectures
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Indexing Structures for Files and Physical Database Design

Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes
Multilevel Indexes
Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees
Indexes on Multiple Keys
Other Types of Indexes
Some General Issues Concerning Indexing
Physical Database Design in Relational Databases
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Strategies for Query Processing

Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra and Other Operators
Algorithms for External Sorting
Algorithms for SELECT Operation
Implementing the JOIN Operation
Algorithms for PROJECT and Set Operations
Implementing Aggregate Operations and Different Types of JOINs
Combining Operations Using Pipelining
Parallel Algorithms for Query Processing
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Query Optimization

Query Trees and Heuristics for Query Optimization
Choice of Query Execution Plans
Use of Selectivities in Cost-Based Optimization
Cost Functions for SELECT Operation
Cost Functions for the JOIN Operation
Example to Illustrate Cost-Based Query Optimization
Additional Issues Related to Query Optimization
An Example of Query Optimization in Data Warehouses
Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle
Semantic Query Optimization
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory

Introduction to Transaction Processing
Transaction and System Concepts
Desirable Properties of Transactions
Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability
Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability
Transaction Support in SQL
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Concurrency Control Techniques

Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control
Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering
Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques
Validation (Optimistic) Techniques and Snapshot Isolation Concurrency Control
Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking
Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes
Other Concurrency Control Issues
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Database Recovery Techniques

Recovery Concepts
NO-UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Deferred Update
Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update
Shadow Paging
The ARIES Recovery Algorithm
Recovery in Multidatabase Systems
Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Distributed Database Concepts

Distributed Database Concepts
Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design
Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases
Overview of Transaction Management in Distributed Databases
Query Processing and Optimization in Distributed Databases
Types of Distributed Database Systems
Distributed Database Architectures
Distributed Catalog Management
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

NOSQL Databases and Big Data Storage Systems

Introduction to NOSQL Systems
The CAP Theorem
Document-Based NOSQL Systems and MongoDB
NOSQL Key-Value Stores
Column-Based or Wide Column NOSQL Systems
NOSQL Graph Databases and Neo4j
Summary
Review Questions
Selected Bibliography

Big Data Technologies Based on MapReduce and Hadoop

What Is Big Data?
Introduction to MapReduce and Hadoop
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)
MapReduce: Additional Details
Hadoop v2 alias YARN
General Discussion
Summary
Review Questions
Selected Bibliography

Enhanced Data Models: Introduction to Active, Temporal, Spatial, Multimedia, and Deductive Databases

Active Database Concepts and Triggers
Temporal Database Concepts
Spatial Database Concepts
Multimedia Database Concepts
Introduction to Deductive Databases
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Introduction to Information Retrieval and Web Search

Information Retrieval (IR) Concepts
Retrieval Models
Types of Queries in IR Systems
Text Preprocessing
Inverted Indexing
Evaluation Measures of Search Relevance
Web Search and Analysis
Trends in Information Retrieval
Summary
Review Questions
Selected Bibliography

Data Mining Concepts

Overview of Data Mining Technology
Association Rules
Classification
Clustering
Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems
Applications of Data Mining
Commercial Data Mining Tools
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP

Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology
Characteristics of Data Warehouses
Data Modeling for Data Warehouses
Building a Data Warehouse
Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse
Data Warehouse versus Views
Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses
Summary
Review Questions
Selected Bibliography

Database Security

Introduction to Database Security Issues
Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges
Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security
SQL Injection
Introduction to Statistical Database Security
Introduction to Flow Control
Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures
Privacy Issues and Preservation
Challenges to Maintaining Database Security
Oracle Label-Based Security
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected Bibliography

Appendix A: Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models

Appendix B: Parameters of Disks

Appendix C: Overview of the QBE Language

C.1 Basic Retrievals in QBE
C.2 Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE

Hands-on LAB Activities

Databases and Database Users

Understanding the Basic Database System Environment

Database System Concepts and Architecture

Understanding the Schema Architecture

Data Modeling Using the Entity–Relationship (ER) Model

Understanding Physical Schema - ER Model

SQL Data Definition and Data Types

Creating a Table in SQL
Enforcing Referential Integrity Constraints
Using Attribute Constraints
Using the CHECK Constraint
Using the Substring Pattern Matching
Using the DISTINCT Keyword
Using Aliases
Using the ORDER BY Clause
Using Asterisk in SQL
Using Arithmetic Operations
Updating Data in a Table
Inserting Data into a Table
Deleting a Record from a Table

More SQL: Complex Queries, Triggers, Views, and Schema Modification

Using GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Using the EXISTS and NOT EXISTS Operators
Retrieving Data Using a Nested Query
Retrieving Data Using WITH and CASE Clauses
Using Aggregate Functions
Using Assertions and Triggers
Creating and Updating a View
Using the UNION, INTERSECTION, and MINUS Operations
Modifying a Table

The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

Using Unary Relational Operations
Using the CROSS JOIN Operation
Using the DIVISION Operation
Using the JOIN Operation

Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques

Connecting to a Database Using Visual Studio Code
Embedding SQL Commands in Java
Using Embedded SQL in C

Object and Object-Relational Databases

Creating UDTs

XML: Extensible Markup Language

Generating XML Data Using SQL Functions

Basics of Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases

Normalizing the 2nd Normal Form to 3rd Normal Form
Normalizing the 1st Normal Form to 2nd Normal Form
Normalizing the Unnormalized Model to 1st Normal Form II
Normalizing the Unnormalized Model to 1st Normal Form I
Normalizing the 3rd Normal Form to BCNF

Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies

Solving the Problems with NULL Values
Solving the Problems with Dangling Tuples

Indexing Structures for Files and Physical Database Design

Creating Function-Based Indexes

Strategies for Query Processing

Retrieving Data Using Semi-join and Anti-join

Query Optimization

Unnesting a Query
Using the View-Merging Operation

Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory

Understanding Transaction States and Additional Operations

Database Recovery Techniques

Creating a Backup and Restoring Data

NOSQL Databases and Big Data Storage Systems

Building the Sample Data in MongoDB
Performing CRUD Operations in MongoDB
Using Basic Cypher Queries

Big Data Technologies Based on MapReduce and Hadoop

Understanding the Hive System Architecture

Enhanced Data Models: Introduction to Active, Temporal, Spatial, Multimedia, and Deductive Databases

Performing Basic Operations in Oracle
Using Triggers in Oracle Notation

Data Mining Concepts

Creating a Decision-Tree Model
Using the Apriori Algorithm
Performing k-Means Clustering

Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP

Understanding the General Architecture of a Data Warehouse

Database Security

Granting and Revoking Privileges

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Fundamentals of Database Systems